- William Guyの*John Howard's Winter's Journey読み終わり。
- Jack London, 1903, The People of the Abyss読み始め。序盤からかなりおもしろい書き出し。East Londonを未開の地であり、London市民さえもその内実を知らないといったプレゼンをしているが、当時すでにそれなりの数のsocial exploration系の著作があったことを考えると、結構怪しい主張である。
- 元々着ていた服を脱ぎ捨て古着屋で買ったボロを着ることで、自分も貧民の一部になったというロマンチックな記述が見られるが、この一部になれる／ならなければという感覚はかなり興味深い。
書誌情報
William A. Guy, 1882, John Howard's Winter's Journey (London: Thomas de la Rue & Co.)
Guyはこの著作をいままでバラバラに書いてきたHowardについてのエッセイの集大成として位置づけている模様。具体的には以下の著作が自らの手によるものとして言及されている。
- "Thomas Carlyle and John Howard.” Fraser’s Magazine, April, 1850.
- “John Howard as Statist.” JSSL, March, 1873.
- “John Howard’s true place in History.” JSSL, December, 1875.
- “The Jail-distemper.” in Public Health, Ch. 7.
- “Essays on ‘Paternal Government,’ and ‘Govemment by Inquiry and Inspection.”’ in Original (1875).
summary/comment
John Howardの"the true place in history"の探究が目的だと序論で述べられている。 (p. v)
- これは具体的には以下の二つのことを示すことを意味する。
- 目的1: Thomas Carlyleに起因する近年のHowardへの悪評への反駁という立場。特にdomesticな場でのHowardのcruelty（特にmadmanとなった息子に対して）の問題となるのだが、これがなぜ重要なのかはいまいちわからない。
- 目的2: Howardのtrue place in hisotryを示すこと。それは、palliative philanthropyとはまったく異なるpreventive philanthropyというmethodの創始者であること。このpreventiveモデルでは、調査、立法、点検、報告という一連のサイクルによって社会問題に対処していく。
Howard’s true place in history has yet to be made plain to those who have not imbibed a prejudice against him. The philanthropist must have credit given him for a method of procedure all his own; for a great sanitary reform which has made itself felt far and wide among all classes of the people, civil and military; for a complete revolution in the treatment of prisoners; and, above all, for the unconscious foundation of the method of preventive ——as distinguished from palliative—philanthropy, as well as the inauguration of that era of successive inquiry, legislative action, periodical inspection, and publication of results, in which we are now living. (p. vi, emphasis in original)
- Howardを単なるphilanthropistだ呼ぶことは間違い。preventive philanthropyと、inquiry/inspection/reportにもとづくgovernmentのmethodの創設者という観点から理解されなければならないという主張は結論でも繰り返される。
I finish this attempt to do justice to John Howard by firmly re-asserting my conviction, already more than once expressed, that we fall far short of his merits so long as we only assign to him a place, though it be the first, among philanthropists; that we are flagrantly unjust if we charge him with domestic harshness and cruelty, and absurdly captious if we allow his admitted peculiarities of opinion and conduct in matters concerning himself to detract from the merit of his unique services, sufferings, and sacrifices on behalf of England and humanity. Nor can I be brought to believe that when I attribute to Howard the unconscious foundation—not by words, but by most significant acts and deeds—of a new era of PREVENTWE PHILANTHROPY, and GOVERNMENT BY INQUIRY, INSPECTION, AND REPORT, I am guilty either of misconception or of exaggeration. / If Howard must still be spoken of as HOWARD THE PHILANTHROPIST, let it at least be understood that, both in priority and in the nature and variety of his services, he takes the first place—a dignity from which he is as little likely to be deposed as Shakespeare, Newton, or Harvey from theirs. The name of John Howard can never cease to be the first and foremost on the roll of those who—by a life combining thought and action—have laid England and the world under never-ending obligations. (pp. 70-71)
- 特徴的なのは、publicationまでもが仕事の内に含まれていること。これは知識の性質についての興味深い立場。
- これは具体的には以下の二つのことを示すことを意味する。
Howardの活動において、実際になにについての調査を行ったのかと同じく、その方法が重要だと考えられていた模様。この傍証はHowardによるフランス捕虜抑留調査のなかでみられる。Guyはこのフランス調査でHowardがとった「method」を明らかにするために、わざわざRecord OfficeにいってCommissionのMinute Bookを読んだと述べている。Howardのフランス監獄調査の「method」を探究するためにGuyはわざわざMinute Bookを読んだらしい。
I may here mention that I have made diligent search at the Record Office, and examined the “ Minute Book ” of the Commission in the hope of finding in its pages some note of this important transaction; but I have been disappointed. The object of my search was to find, if I could, some indication of the method pursued by Howard in this inquiry. As it is, I must rest content in the belief that Howard pursued in reference to these poor captives the same patient method of inquiry which he did during his winter’s journey, seventeen years later ; taking in the one case, as in the other, the most direct and practical course of submitting the wrongs of the sufferers to those who had the power to remedy them. (p. 23)
Howardの感情のコントロールについて。
- 芸術家は感情を表出する、だがそれは無力であるということ。Howardの先駆者にあたる1729年のGeneral Oglethorpe委員会による監獄調査によって、一部の監獄の惨状が明らかになると、これは激しい怒りを呼び起こした。こうした感情は詩人（Thomson）や画家（Fielding, Smollett, and Goldsmith）によって表現された。だが、そうした感情はreformを産み出さなかった。ここから感情の無力さと、冷静で包括的な調査によるHowardの改革が対比されている。
Reports were prepared and printed, these Wretches were tried and acquitted, the horrors of these prison-houses were revealed to an indignant and disgusted public, their outraged feelings found expression in the verses of Thomson, and full justification in the lively pictures of Fielding, Smollett, and Goldsmith; but still no reform. Even Oglethorpe, the benevolent and patriotic statesman, the indefatigable chairman of committees, the brave soldier, the wise administrator, finds no better course open to him than to gather some few debtors from the prisons, and with these and others in want of employment.... (p. 15)
- Howardは同情をかき立てられるが、そうした一時の感情に流されるimpulsive philanthropistではなかった。Howardはひとびとがそれに続くべき方法という概念的遺産を作り出したということ。
Howard, then, was a Sanitary Reformer long before the term, Sanitary Reform, had become a household word among us ; for to represent him as a mere reformer of prison abuses, or, still worse, as a mere prison enthusiast, is to do him gross injustice. There never lived a man who had in him so little of the impulsive philanthropy that expends itself in emotion, or loses itself in words. He wasted neither time in conferences, nor words on platforms. [...] Here, again, I must take note of certain strange misrepresentations of Thomas Carlyle, by which the character of Howard has suffered. Howard was in no sense what Carlyle charges him with having been: the originator of the “Benevolent Platform Fever;” and his pity for the poor imprisoned debtor bore as little resemblance to a “sympathy with scoundrels” as did his sense of the injustice done to the criminal by adding to the just sentence of the law a sentence of avoidable disease, perhaps of death itself. (pp. 33-34)
- compassionと自制の両立。
But if Duty was Howard’s leading motive, it was not his only one. If Duty may be said to have walked before him to guide him in his way, Compassion was always at his side to hasten his steps. The sight of suffering touched him to the quick, unmerited suffering outraged his keen sense of justice. Duty, thus rein forced by pity and righteous indignation, urged him forward with an irresistible momentum. To these were added an unshaken faith in God and trust in Christ, a profound sense of his own unworthiness, and of the obligation under which he lay to exert himself to the utmost in token of his gratitude—feelings prevalent among the religious sect to which he belonged, but which burnt in no bosom more brightly than in his own. / So much for the public life of Howard—so much for the motives which stirred him to action. His character stands forth in bold relief, in all its grand unity of motives, a Philanthropist without stain or weakness, and much more than this—the unconscious inventor of Preventive Pln'lanthrapy, the inaugurator of the new epoch in which we are now living. (p. 54)
Howardの自己規律。
- 安楽をさけ、厳しい寒さの中、危険な冬の調査旅行を耐え忍ぶ。そして、勤勉なノートへの記入。(pp. 1, 5-6)
- Howardは体がもともと強くなかったので、節制(regimen of extreme astemiousness)していた。禁欲、節制、自己統治。(pp. 18-19)
- 死ぬときも、それを平静に受け入れた。(p. 51)
網羅的事実の持つ強さ。
- Howardは当初Justice of Peaceに監守への固定給の必要性を説得するために、実際にそれが導入されている先例が一事例必要なだけだった。一事例さえ手にすればHowardは満足しただろう、「But happily Howard failed. He could find no single instance」(p. 2 )
- 一つの事例を見つけられなかったが、結果的に"a mass of facts"を集めることに成功した。(p. 4)
- 苦しみの救済とall the facts。興味深いのは、これはある集団についての事実収集と個人についての事実収集について質的差異がないかのようにスムーズに連結されていること。
If he came across some individual enduring hardship, he would suspend his prison work, and give himself no rest till he had ascertained all the facts of the case, and, at whatever cost of time and money, provided a remedy; (p. 56)
Howardと先駆者たちとの違い。Howard以前にも監獄の問題を気にしていた人はいたが、かれらはみなpalliationに従事しただけであった。そこにはreformがなかった。（pp. 13-14）
- 1701: Society for Promoting Christian KnowledgeによるNewgate調査。abusesを暴く。だが、ほかの監獄では事態は変化なし。
- 1729: General Oglethorpe and his Committee of the House of Commons
- 先駆者のなかには調査とreformの提案を行ったものもいたが、かれらは範囲が狭かったし、また実現できなかった。
- 特に直接先行するPophamによる活動はHowardも知っていた。だが、Pophamも失敗に終わる。それはPophamの提案がinadequteだったから。
Neither the general public nor the legislature of that day were wholly ignorant of the fact that our prisons were the scenes of strange abuses, cruel practices, illegal extortions: indeed, in the very year (1773) in which Howard set out on his winter’s journey, a futile attempt had been made by Mr. Popham to induce Parliament to relieve acquitted prisoners of all fees. The Bill which he introduced for this purpose was lost, not because the House was hostile, but because the measure was inadequate; and the knowledge that this was the case is mentioned among the reasons which influenced Howard in entering upon his winter’s'journey. (p. 19)
personal experienceの位置。
- フランスでの抑留についての"presonal experience of prison life"は後の監獄調査のmotivationとして描かれている。だが、Howardの成功は単にpersonal experienceによるのではない。成功の源泉は、Howardが"all the facts"をmasterしたこと。sympathyを抱くことと、factsの収集へのpatienceとperseveranceをもつこと。
Here he gained personal experience of prison life—an experience which he recalled seventeen years later as a motive to exertion on behalf Of the inmates of our English prisons. The French authorities liberated Howard on parale; and the first use he made of his comparative freedom was to master all the facts relating to his fellow-captives, who were scattered throughout the cities of that part of France, suffering all the horrors of imprisonment. How numerous these captives were, and what their sufferings must have been, may be inferred from the simple statement that many hundreds of them had perished, and thatno less than thirty-six of them were buried in one hole on one day. Howard found that these his fellow sufl'erers were being subjected to the most cruel treat ment; and, arming himself with all the facts he could collect, he returned to England (still on parole), put himself at once into communication with the Com missioners Of Sick and Wounded Seamen, to whom he related what he calls the “sundry facts,” and pleaded the cause of his fellow-sufferers with such effect that he not only “gained” the “attention and thanks ” of the Commission, but procured the redress of the wrongs our gallant countrymen were enduring, and their speedy release from captivity. Thus, long before he became known as “ The Philanthropist” did Howard show his sympathy with suffering, his devotion to duty, his rare tact and sound sense, his unconscious originality, his patience in collecting facts, his perseverance in using them, his rare unselfish singleness of purpose. (pp. 22-23, emphasis in original)
Howardのglanceの力。
Howard, true patriot and statesman as he was, and as far-seeing in public matters as he was merciful and just, would have seen at a glance what some among us failed to perceive, that to encourage Russia by praise where nothing but censure was her due, and to hold up Turkey to the scorn and anger of England and the world, was to promote that war which was destined to multiply a thousandfold the worst atrocities of Bulgaria. (p. 46)
glanceで捉えられなかった気づきをどう後から観察に組み入れるのか。
- 監獄調査の中でBridewellsは視野の外にあった。
- Howardは自己自身のblue booksを出版していたという主張。bridewellsを訪れるようになったのがいつなのか要確認（winter jounrneyの一部なのか、それとも後なのか）
What he saw in the prisons of these places and in the bridewells, to which his attention was now drawn for the first time, is set down carefully and methodically in his great work on Prisons. (p. 27) * Plagueについて学んでから別様な観察が可能になったので、かつて訪れた場所を再訪するという振る舞い。 * > Suflice it to say that, having added to all he knew about the Jail-distemper his more recent knowledge of the Plague, which resembled it in being readily communicated from one person to another, all the diseases which prove destructive to mankind in such public institutions as prisons and workhouses, schools, hospitals, and lazarettos, acquired fresh importance in his eyes. He would, therefore, go forth once again and revisit Turkey and Russia, and extend his tour to parts of those vast empires which he had not seen before. (pp. 40-41)
a set of queries（questionnaires?）の利用。ここにおいて、Howardは本人の観察ではなく、専門家の観察に依存しているように見える。この結果はLazarettosに書かれているらしいので、要確認。
Before Howard left England on this perilous journey of 1785, he had procured from Dr. Aikin, Dr. Jebb, and others, a set of queries relating to the plague, which he submitted to those persons on the continent who enjoyed the highest reputation, and had the largest experience of the disease. The answers to these queries, with the results of his own experience among plague-smitten patients at Smyrna and Constantinople, and of his inspections of lazarettos and hospitals, added to his forty-days’ personal experience at Venice, he published in his work on lazarettos—in which work he also gave to the world the results of his last inspections of English prisons. (p. 38)
